DISEASE SCANNER

Global Incurable Diseases Tracker

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Infectious Disease

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

HIGH SEVERITY

A serious bacterial infection causing painful muscle spasms and lockjaw. Caused by Clostridium tetani spores found in soil. Not transmitted person-to-person. Fatal in 10-20% of cases even with treatment. Entirely vaccine-preventable.

Global Affected

1.0M

Countries

20

Symptoms

Jaw stiffness (lockjaw)
Muscle spasms
Difficulty swallowing
Stiff neck/abdomen
Fever
Sweating
Elevated blood pressure
Rapid heart rate
Opisthotonus (severe arching)

Treatment Options

Tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG)
Metronidazole or penicillin
Wound debridement
Muscle relaxants
Sedatives
Mechanical ventilation
Dark quiet room
Nutritional support
Autonomic nervous system management

Risk Factors

1Unvaccinated or incomplete vaccination
2Puncture wounds
3Soil/feces contamination
4IV drug use
5Diabetes
6Chronic wounds
7Animal bites
8Rusty metal injuries
9Unsterile surgical procedures
10Birth (umbilical cord)

Diagnostic Methods

  • 1Clinical diagnosis
  • 2Wound culture (often negative)
  • 3Serum antitoxin levels (rarely used)
  • 4Spatula test
  • 5Electromyography (EMG)

Prognosis

Guarded. 10-20% mortality even with treatment. Recovery takes weeks to months. Full recovery possible. Spasms may continue for weeks. Prevention far better than treatment.

Prevention

  • DTaP vaccination (children)
  • Tdap or Td boosters every 10 years
  • Wound care
  • Tetanus prophylaxis for wounds (vaccine + TIG if indicated)
  • Maternal vaccination (prevents neonatal tetanus)
  • Clean delivery practices

Research Status

DTaP/Td/Tdap vaccines highly effective. Neonatal tetanus elimination goal. Human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) for treatment. Wound care and prophylaxis. No natural immunity - vaccination essential. Research on improved vaccines minimal (current very effective).

Sources

  • https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus
  • https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus
  • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus

Medical Disclaimer

This information is for educational purposes only. Always consult healthcare professionals for medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment.