A sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep, causing apneas or hypopneas. Leads to fragmented sleep, daytime sleepiness, and cardiovascular complications. Often undiagnosed.

• 1Polysomnography (gold standard)
• 2Home sleep apnea test
• 3Epworth Sleepiness Scale
• 4Physical examination (Mallampati score, neck circumference)
• 5Drug-induced sleep endoscopy
• 6Craniofacial imaging

Excellent with treatment. CPAP reduces cardiovascular events and mortality. Untreated OSA associated with hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and increased mortality. Motor vehicle accident risk increased.

• Weight management
• Avoid alcohol before bed
• Avoid sedatives
• Sleep position modification
• Treat nasal congestion
• Smoking cessation
• Regular exercise