Carrier state of sickle cell disease (HbAS), usually asymptomatic but associated with rare complications including exercise-related sudden death, rhabdomyolysis, renal medullary carcinoma, and splenic infarction at high altitude.

• 1Genetic testing
• 2Clinical evaluation
• 3Family history assessment
• 4Specialized laboratory tests
• 5Imaging studies
• 6Biopsy (if applicable)

Generally excellent. Sickle cell trait (AS) is not a disease; most individuals live completely normal lives with normal life expectancy. Complications occur in rare circumstances: extreme exertion at high altitude, severe dehydration, or low oxygen environments. Risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis approximately 0.1-0.5%. Kidney complications (hematuria, papillary necrosis) in 5-10%. Splenic infarction at high altitude in <1%. No impact on overall mortality in general population. Regular medical care not required for most carriers.

• Genetic counseling
• Carrier screening
• Prenatal diagnosis
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
• Family planning