DISEASE SCANNER

Global Incurable Diseases Tracker

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Psychiatric Condition

Major Depressive Disorder

HIGH SEVERITY

A common but serious mood disorder causing persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. Affects approximately 280 million people worldwide, leading cause of disability globally. Can occur at any age.

Global Affected

280.0M

Countries

111

Symptoms

Persistent sad mood
Loss of interest in activities
Changes in appetite/weight
Sleep disturbances
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Difficulty concentrating
Suicidal thoughts
Psychomotor agitation or retardation

Treatment Options

SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, escitalopram)
SNRIs (venlafaxine, duloxetine)
Bupropion
Mirtazapine
Atypical antipsychotics (augmentation)
Psychotherapy (CBT, IPT)
TMS
ECT (severe/resistant)
Esketamine
Psilocybin (investigational)

Risk Factors

1Family history
2Trauma or stressful events
3Chronic illness
4Certain medications
5Substance abuse
6Female gender
7Social isolation
8Chronic pain
9Neuroticism personality trait

Diagnostic Methods

  • 1Clinical interview (DSM-5 criteria)
  • 2PHQ-9 screening tool
  • 3HAM-D assessment
  • 4Medical evaluation (rule out causes)
  • 5Thyroid function tests
  • 6Substance use screening

Prognosis

50% recover after first episode; 50% have recurrent episodes. With treatment, 60-80% achieve significant improvement. 15% attempt suicide. Early treatment improves long-term outcomes.

Prevention

  • Stress management
  • Social support
  • Regular exercise
  • Adequate sleep
  • Limiting alcohol
  • Early intervention after trauma
  • Screening programs

Research Status

SSRIs and SNRIs remain first-line. Esketamine nasal spray for treatment-resistant depression. Psilocybin trials showing rapid antidepressant effects. TMS and ECT for resistant cases. Digital therapeutics (app-based CBT). Biomarker research for personalized treatment.

Sources

  • https://www.cdc.gov/
  • https://www.hematology.org/education/patients
  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books
  • https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases

Medical Disclaimer

This information is for educational purposes only. Always consult healthcare professionals for medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment.