Progressive degenerative disease of the macula causing central vision loss. Leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults over 50 in developed countries. Dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular) forms.

• 1Dilated fundus examination
• 2OCT (optical coherence tomography)
• 3Fluorescein angiography
• 4Amsler grid testing
• 5Fundus autofluorescence
• 6Visual acuity testing

Early AMD has slow progression; 10-15% develop advanced AMD over 10 years. Intermediate AMD has higher risk (30-50% over 5 years). AREDS2 supplements reduce progression risk in intermediate AMD. Wet AMD with anti-VEGF therapy (ranibizumab, aflibercept, bevacizumab) maintains vision in 90%+ and improves in 30-40%. Monthly or treat-and-extend injections required long-term. Geographic atrophy (dry AMD advanced form) has no effective treatment yet; complement inhibitors in trials. Low vision aids help advanced disease.

• Smoking cessation
• AREDS2 supplements (if intermediate AMD)
• Regular eye exams (age >50)
• Healthy diet (leafy greens, fish)
• Blood pressure control
• Exercise
• Maintaining healthy weight