DISEASE SCANNER

Global Incurable Diseases Tracker

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Psychiatric Condition

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

MODERATE

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Begins in childhood and often persists into adulthood. Affects approximately 5-7% of children and 2.5-4% of adults globally. Three subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.

Global Affected

366.0M

Countries

111

Symptoms

Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Difficulty organizing
Forgetfulness
Fidgeting
Excessive talking
Interrupting others
Difficulty waiting turn
Careless mistakes

Treatment Options

Stimulant medications (methylphenidate, amphetamines)
Non-stimulant medications (atomoxetine)
Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine, clonidine)
Behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Parent training
School accommodations
Digital therapeutics

Risk Factors

1Genetic factors (high heritability ~75%)
2Family history
3Premature birth
4Low birth weight
5Prenatal substance exposure
6Brain injury
7Environmental toxins (lead)
8Social deprivation

Diagnostic Methods

  • 1Clinical interview (DSM-5 criteria)
  • 2ADHD rating scales
  • 3Conners scales
  • 4Continuous performance tests
  • 5Teacher/parent reports
  • 6Neuropsychological testing
  • 7Rule out other conditions

Prognosis

50-60% continue to have symptoms into adulthood. With treatment: improved academic/work performance, reduced accidents, better relationships. Untreated: increased risk of substance abuse, accidents, unemployment, relationship problems.

Prevention

  • No proven prevention
  • Prenatal care
  • Avoiding prenatal substance exposure
  • Early intervention
  • Behavioral parent training

Research Status

Stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines) remain first-line. Non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine) alternatives. Long-acting formulations improving adherence. Digital therapeutics (EndeavorRx) FDA-approved. Neurofeedback research ongoing. Gene therapy not yet applicable but genetic research advancing.

Sources

  • https://www.psychiatry.org
  • https://www.cdc.gov/
  • https://www.hematology.org/education/patients
  • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books
  • https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases

Medical Disclaimer

This information is for educational purposes only. Always consult healthcare professionals for medical advice, diagnosis, and treatment.